You can't use mouse to control a none mouse/analog game like asteroids.
However you can use the buttons to fire/bomb/hyperspace but not to control the the ship. You can only use/re-assign the mouse buttons to work. So in Asteroid just assign the Left/Right to any of your mouse buttons.
If this is what you need, then like I mention to you before, just run the game, hit tab goto the Input this game and change the controls from there. So if you want hyperspace for the button, select that button, hit enter, push button on mouse BINGO.
Maybe there is a program that you can search like key2mouse or something but I never seen one. I know there is joy2key but thats not what you want.
Another option is to re-design MAME/Advmame source and re-compile but i dunno where to start on that one.