Well I've now got one sheet of insulation installed, but its over 100 degrees in the garage, so I decided to take a break. Overall its been very easy so far. I score the insulation with a knife, then snap it off and install it, but it does take a bit of time since I'm being very careful to make the cuts accurate. One sheet cleanly fills 4 sections (16 sections total on the door) and I could use the scraps to fill a 5th section, so if I bought another quarter sheet I would have enough to finish the door. However, I would like to make each section very clean and not have a line in the middle where I taped the pieces together, and with full sheets only costing $17, I think I'm going to buy another full sheet to finish it off.
Also, paigeoliver was right. I don't need to glue or tape the insulation into the door since each section curls inward a bit to form a lip which holds the insulation extremely well. I'll probably end up returning the aluminum tape I bought and get a few dollars back.
Another thing to note, I didn't realize how hot the metal garage door actually got until now. I could probably fry an egg on it, which means this insulation should help immensely. Thanks a ton to everyone here who gave me the idea and information to be able to do this.