I've run two speaker line-inputs from one line output before, it seems to work ok. I don't think it does any damage to anything, but I wouldn't know if it was gradually killing the line out over a period of years or something.
Just split your audio input wire between your existing speakers and a standalone subwoofer, or if you can't find a standalone subwoofer, find a speaker set that has a subwoofer in it and disconnect the satellite speakers.
Some standalone subwoofers will also take speaker-level signals and pass them through, taking its portion of the audio from those. Mine works this way. You'd plug your speaker wires into the sub, then plug your sub's speaker outs into your speakers. I have one that works this way. (my particular sub couldn't go inside an arcade cab though. Too big, and too magnetic - would probably wipe a PC's hard drive within two feet of the box.

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Look for an audio hardware store that sells decent stuff for home theater, and not just computers.