These games are vertical orientation, they will never be full screen on a horizontal monitor. Now, if you have a vertical monitor and it won't fill the screen that is a different story.
Robotron is not a vertical game.
Have you tried setting the resolution of the game in MAME to match the resolution of your monitor? It is on "auto" by default. If that doesn't work, then it could be that your video card doesn't support hardware stretching. If your video card doesn't support hardware stretching (or if you have a video card driver issue, or you have the wrong settings for the video card configuration), then you will only get the direct multiple of the game's native resolution that is closest to the resolution that you told it to run in.
For example, say your monitor is an LCD with a native resolution of 1280 x 1024. So in Robotron's properties in MAME, you set it to run at 1280 x 1024. With properly working hardware stretching, it would squeeze and stretch the image to exactly 1280 x 1024 and fill your screen perfectly. However, without hardware stretching, it is only going to give you a direct multiple of the original 292 x 240 resolution, which would be 1168 x 960, and the rest will be a black border.
Another possibility is that you have the wrong aspect ratio selected in MAME. If you want the game to fill your screen perfectly, then you need the aspect ratio in MAME to match your monitor's aspect ratio. The default for MAME used to be 4:3 but with newer versions I think it defaults to "autoselect aspect". So if MAME is defaulting to e.g., 4:3 and you have a 5:4 or 16:10 monitor, then it is not ever going to fill the screen correctly. BTW, if you do have a widescreen monitor, old games are going to look weird stretched to fill it.
So, in MAME's default options (assuming MAMEUI), manually set the resolution and aspect ratio to match your monitor. If that doesn't work with a fresh copy of MAME, then I would suspect your video card as the problem.