I would do BOTH.
But, then again, I framed my cab base entirely with 2x4's and then screwed the 3/4" ply to that.
I've never heard anyone complain about building a cabinet that was too strong, or didn't wobble enough.
Seriously though, doweling is a good idea, but reinforcing that with ledger blocks of whatever shape/size you choose will only make it sturdier.
My only hesitation about doweling MDF is that the dowels will weaken the MDF for front-to-back torque, while strengthening it for side-to-side torque.
As far as glue goes, I'd use wood glue for the wood joints, and countertop (contact) adhesive for the laminate to wood joints.
If you've never done laminate, you might want to read up on the dowel application method.
In a nutshell, you put spaced out dowels between the laminate and cabinet wood after applying the adhesive, so that it doesn't stick to itself.
Once the adhesive touches another layer of itself you aren't moving it anywhere.
As you go to apply the laminate, you remove one dowel, and apply that section, and then move on to the remaining dowels.