Normal USB without any of the extra power add-ons is 5V @ 100mA unless you ask for more, but almost all desktop PC USB ports (and most laptop ones) are capable of providing the enumerated maximum of 5V @ 500mA even without enumerating.
In other words, you can PROBABLY pull 5V @ 500mA off any given PC USB port with no other electronics needed, but it's technically against the spec to do so.
Your average USB phone charger is even dumber. It's just a 5V supply that's good to either 500mA or 2A (or something else - read the label).