You are going to need a few separate things to get this to work.
First is the juke software. It is either going to have to send commands out of the PC to your display, or send commands to a helper program.
Second (if needed) is a helper program (perhaps mamehooker). If the juke software will send out of the PC to the display, you won't need the helper program
Third is an interface from your PC to the display.
Fourth is the display's controller.
Fifth is the display itself.
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If you use one of the modules (intelligent display) like I linked to earlier, then #4 and #5 would be all in that module. The interface would be a serial cable from your PC's com port to the module. If the juke software can send data out the com port to the display in the format that the display requires, then the helper program is not needed. If the juke software cannot/does not send data out the com port in a format that the module requires, then the juke software will need to send data to a helper program that can interpet the data from the juke software and send the necessary commands out the com port in the format that the module requires.
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If you want to use a dumb display (which it seems like you are leaning towards), then you need to add some kind of display driver. This can be either a microcontroller/microprocessor or some other kind of logic and driver ICs.
If you use discrete logic, then perhaps you could design a circuit that can interface the printer port. You'd need then to have some latches, and decoders to drive the display. Maybe a 4511 on each digit, etc. The drawback with this design is the reliance on the printer port. Most new PC's don't come with one, so most likely a juke software programmer would be reluctant to add a feature that relies on that. The juke program will also need to directly support your circuitry.
If you want to use a µC, then the software will have to be able to control your display (match electrical specs), and interpet commands somehow. However it receives data, the juke software or the helper program will have to send data in that format. This is preferred, as you don't have to rely on the printer port. This method will allow the greatest flexibility as any interface to the PC can be used. It sounds like this is what you are looking for. There may be a "LED interface board" that will accept data and interface to a dumb display, but I don't know of one (but I've never looked). People/companys that make something like that usually put the LEDs on the board and sell it as a full module...
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IMO, using an all in one serial module is your best chance to get the juke programmer to help you out. If you design a one off circuit, then all his work will only benefit you. I think that you may have better luck in getting his support if he knows that his work will benefit others/lots. Most likely, if he spends lots of his time on something, he'd like to be able to add to his feature list. Not that it's impossible that he'd help you out with just your situation, but your chances are better is all I'm saying. If you are willing to do most of the debugging/beta testing that may help you, too. Even more so if you do all the helper program setup/config work.
Good luck - cool project!
Rick