If you want to be able to still use Jamma then you should interface to pc with a Jpac,
http://www.ultimarc.com/jpac.htmlIf you are not worried about being able to continue using jamma then go with an Ipac, Personally I would go down the Jpac route.
Hardware, This is an open ended question, I would go with get the best you can afford. Anything from a 386 upwards is capable of playing mame, but the older the hardware the older the version you would need to run and the less true the emulation. I would advise you get a decent Dual Core system with 4GB Ram and there is very little in the latest set that is emulated properly that you would not be able to play at full speed. (Gauntlet Legends and Blitz need a really powerful pc to run).
Software - you need would be an Operating system Windows XP or Windows 7 (I favour XP) (32Bit or 64 Bit, If you have 4GB always go 64Bit).
Mame - version depends on the hardware you pick, get some decent hardware and use the latest version 1.46 or the last version which was 1.45, Don't bother with the 1.4xa b c etc as they are just minor updates, I always wait until a full stable version is released)
Roms - Yes these change per version (Normally due to a new rom dump or a name change) although many many many stay the same. I can't help on where to get them from but Google be your friend. Best bet is to find a complete set to match the version of mame you are planning on running. (Also you will want to read up on clrmamepro which can help rebuild/verify mame sets)
CHD's - These also change per version although once again many many stay the same between versions. (CHDMAN is a useful utility)
A CHD is basically an image of a storage device that the original machine used to run. A lot of more graphically intense games will use these, I think there are about 450 games that use CHD's (Including clones). Without the CHD the original rom would be unplayable. Some of the CHD's are quite small and some of them are Many GB, In short the newer the game the more likely it is to need a CHD to play.
Frontends - There are many, I use Hyperspin but others us Mala or GameEx
I don't know if the above was much help but I thought I would chime in.