I will use an analogy as my response:
Circuit breaker boxes are made to house certain devices made for a certain reason :IE to cut the power when too much current goes through them.
Circuit breakers are designed to fit well in this housing, and the housing is designed to work well with the devices made to fit in them.
It comes down to a mounting issue. And with a computer, it can be more than a mounting issue. (Cooling, EM interference, ground protection, etc, et al).
For anyone out there who has said they "built" their computer, I ask them to show me the lithographic machine they own to make the CPU and other chips in it...
Think of the case as a simple way to mount the computer hardware, as the hardware is designed to be mounted in such a way. Also, If the MB dies, you have an easy way to "remount" it if you keep the case. Otherwise, you need to reinvent the wheel again just to replace a part...