Try adding/removing the resistor you have on pin 13.
Or disable composite sync and try combining sync for yourself if it still won't work. From 500R to 1K on both pin13 and pin14 of the output from the PC, then combine and deliver into the sync input of the set (normally composite video, as you are now). If you don't have matching resistors, or are still having trouble, use the higher value resistor in the vertical sync line (pin14) and the lower in the h-sync line (pin13).
EDIT: or, as Zeb says, try just combining the sync lines and testing. Not a great permanent solution, but fine for testing.
Ignore screen position and size right now. Getting a stable, unbroken image comes first. And when you do that, you'll probably find your previous adjustments for size and position need to be done again anyway. For a consumer CRT that part can be done in the software, you won't need resistors.