Oooh, an external GPU. I haven't heard of anyone using one for crt_emudriver. This might be an interesting test case, i guess.
You say that converter is recommended, but by people using it for 15kHz HDMI conversion with crt_emudriver? Or mb with MiSTer? It does say it doesn't scale, but it also doesn't list 480i as an input resolution, let alone 240p.
I'm assuming you're following this guide -
https://geedorah.com/eiusdemmodi/forum/viewtopic.php?id=301So step one goes ok. You have the test-signing watermark in the lower right of the screen. And the driver says it installs ok? And when you click setup again, it offers the option to uninstall?
What exactly happens when you enable EDID emulation, as the first point of step 2 of that guide. Does it appear to work? As in, does the laptop's main screen appear normal, with the Arcade_15 (or whatever preset you selected) screen appearing as a second screen when you go into display properties? You should not enable composite sync, if you were doing that. I doubt the converter would be designed for that.
That guide you linked seems ok, but the link to my guide in there is broken. There's a lot of general information in there to help you understand what you're trying to do and what might be going wrong.
https://www.aussiearcade.com/topic/76809-a-guide-to-connecting-your-windows-pc-to-an-sd-crt-tv-pvm-or-arcade-monitor/#comments This is in case the above doesn't help...